Conference Report
Appendix: Threshold 2030
Appendix: Threshold 2030
A two-day conference in Oct 2024 bringing together 30 leading economists, AI policy experts, and professional forecasters to rapidly evaluate the economic impacts of frontier AI technologies by 2030.
Outline
All Forecasting Questions Proposed by Attendees
Day 1, Group 1:
Attendee 1A
Complementary to the Ragnarok question series (Metaculus), I’d suggest additional questions about existential risks from transformative AI, e.g.
Probability of AI takeover until, e.g., 2050
Probability of AI takeover until, e.g., 2050
Probability of AI takeover until, e.g., 2050
Probability of human extinction / permanent disempowerment due to misaligned TAI / superintelligence
Probability of human extinction / permanent disempowerment due to misaligned TAI / superintelligence
Probability of human extinction / permanent disempowerment due to misaligned TAI / superintelligence
Probability of human extinction / permanent disempowerment due to events caused by misuse of powerful AI (e.g., bioweapons, engineered pandemic, nuclear escalation)
Probability of human extinction / permanent disempowerment due to events caused by misuse of powerful AI (e.g., bioweapons, engineered pandemic, nuclear escalation)
Probability of human extinction / permanent disempowerment due to events caused by misuse of powerful AI (e.g., bioweapons, engineered pandemic, nuclear escalation)
Attendee 1C
What will interest rates and economic growth be, conditional on hitting some milestone of powerful AI.
What will interest rates and economic growth be, conditional on hitting some milestone of powerful AI.
What will interest rates and economic growth be, conditional on hitting some milestone of powerful AI.
What will be metrics of business creation and entrepreneurship? (Ie new jobs created).
What will be metrics of business creation and entrepreneurship? (Ie new jobs created).
What will be metrics of business creation and entrepreneurship? (Ie new jobs created).
What will be the returns to education (e.g. college), in the future? (Will it flatten?)
What will be the returns to education (e.g. college), in the future? (Will it flatten?)
What will be the returns to education (e.g. college), in the future? (Will it flatten?)
What will Gini coefficients (or other measure of inequality) be of income within discipline. E.g. top-earning lawyers vs everyone who graduates from law school (or everyone working in law, including paralegals).
What will Gini coefficients (or other measure of inequality) be of income within discipline. E.g. top-earning lawyers vs everyone who graduates from law school (or everyone working in law, including paralegals).
What will Gini coefficients (or other measure of inequality) be of income within discipline. E.g. top-earning lawyers vs everyone who graduates from law school (or everyone working in law, including paralegals).
What will the slope between economic usefulness of AI systems on productivity (e.g. a Noy+Zhang style measure, or Merali 2024), vs. an AI system’s performance on benchmark.
What will the slope between economic usefulness of AI systems on productivity (e.g. a Noy+Zhang style measure, or Merali 2024), vs. an AI system’s performance on benchmark.
What will the slope between economic usefulness of AI systems on productivity (e.g. a Noy+Zhang style measure, or Merali 2024), vs. an AI system’s performance on benchmark.
Attendee 1D
% of job transitions attributable to AI by 2030
% of job transitions attributable to AI by 2030
% of job transitions attributable to AI by 2030
Wage impacts to programmers by 2030
Wage impacts to programmers by 2030
Wage impacts to programmers by 2030
% of present day Fortune 500 still in included in 2030 (or comparative speed of churn, since there is always some change over time)
% of present day Fortune 500 still in included in 2030 (or comparative speed of churn, since there is always some change over time)
% of present day Fortune 500 still in included in 2030 (or comparative speed of churn, since there is always some change over time)
Day 1, Group 2:
Attendee 2A
Probability that China pools >250.000 AI accelerators from at least two leading commercial labs by 2030
Probability that China pools >250.000 AI accelerators from at least two leading commercial labs by 2030
Probability that China pools >250.000 AI accelerators from at least two leading commercial labs by 2030
Probability that that there exists a compute verification system trusted by both the US and China by 2030
Probability that that there exists a compute verification system trusted by both the US and China by 2030
Probability that that there exists a compute verification system trusted by both the US and China by 2030
Attendee 2B
What is the probability that either the US or China will announce a new government AI research & development initiative exceeding $100 billion in total funding by December 31, 2030?
What is the probability that either the US or China will announce a new government AI research & development initiative exceeding $100 billion in total funding by December 31, 2030?
What is the probability that either the US or China will announce a new government AI research & development initiative exceeding $100 billion in total funding by December 31, 2030?
What will be the ratio of humanoid combat robots to human soldiers in active military conflicts globally by December 31, 2030?
What will be the ratio of humanoid combat robots to human soldiers in active military conflicts globally by December 31, 2030?
What will be the ratio of humanoid combat robots to human soldiers in active military conflicts globally by December 31, 2030?
Attendee 2C
A country openly states they are using a state-wide algorithmic retaliation system dependent on AI by 2027.
A country openly states they are using a state-wide algorithmic retaliation system dependent on AI by 2027.
A country openly states they are using a state-wide algorithmic retaliation system dependent on AI by 2027.
A country uses AI in its infrastructure provided, and with its IP located in, a company domiciled elsewhere by 2030. (i.e. AI as SaaS, without the country having control over this AI system)
A country uses AI in its infrastructure provided, and with its IP located in, a company domiciled elsewhere by 2030. (i.e. AI as SaaS, without the country having control over this AI system)
A country uses AI in its infrastructure provided, and with its IP located in, a company domiciled elsewhere by 2030. (i.e. AI as SaaS, without the country having control over this AI system)
Attendee 2D
More meta to start with:
Things to figure out how well AI is scaling/progressing. Maybe more broken down into parts than presumably existing questions are.
Things to figure out how well AI is scaling/progressing. Maybe more broken down into parts than presumably existing questions are.
Things to figure out how well AI is scaling/progressing. Maybe more broken down into parts than presumably existing questions are.
How levels and types of AI capabilities correspond to applications / human replacement, their costs, and the diffusion time for them.
How levels and types of AI capabilities correspond to applications / human replacement, their costs, and the diffusion time for them.
How levels and types of AI capabilities correspond to applications / human replacement, their costs, and the diffusion time for them.
Questions to elicit how AI could be used for specific purposes to create very high economic value. What could be killer apps for AI? This could explain both how AI could affect the economy greatly, and how investment could drive AI development.
Questions to elicit how AI could be used for specific purposes to create very high economic value. What could be killer apps for AI? This could explain both how AI could affect the economy greatly, and how investment could drive AI development.
Questions to elicit how AI could be used for specific purposes to create very high economic value. What could be killer apps for AI? This could explain both how AI could affect the economy greatly, and how investment could drive AI development.
Day 1, Group 4:
How large will the average performance gap between open source and proprietary models (in % of remaining error) be in 2030?
How large will the average performance gap between open source and proprietary models (in % of remaining error) be in 2030?
How large will the average performance gap between open source and proprietary models (in % of remaining error) be in 2030?
What share of human tasks being replaced with AI systems will produce a cost improvement greater than 20% on the labor cost? On the total product / service cost?
What share of human tasks being replaced with AI systems will produce a cost improvement greater than 20% on the labor cost? On the total product / service cost?
What share of human tasks being replaced with AI systems will produce a cost improvement greater than 20% on the labor cost? On the total product / service cost?
Day 1, Group 5:
Attendee 5C
What proportion of global energy use is allocated to data centers?
What proportion of global energy use is allocated to data centers?
What proportion of global energy use is allocated to data centers?
Number of data labelers relative to 2025
Number of data labelers relative to 2025
Number of data labelers relative to 2025
# of major players in the language model space
# of major players in the language model space
# of major players in the language model space
Unionization rates of software engineers?
Unionization rates of software engineers?
Unionization rates of software engineers?
Number of countries taxing robots
Number of countries taxing robots
Number of countries taxing robots
Attendee 5A
Price per token of frontier models
Price per token of frontier models
Price per token of frontier models
Total Energy capacity of major economies
Total Energy capacity of major economies
Total Energy capacity of major economies
Elasticity of substitution between capital and labor
Elasticity of substitution between capital and labor
Elasticity of substitution between capital and labor
Number of countries deploying tariffs or protectionist on advanced technologies
Number of countries deploying tariffs or protectionist on advanced technologies
Number of countries deploying tariffs or protectionist on advanced technologies
GINI coefficient of major economies
GINI coefficient of major economies
GINI coefficient of major economies
Attendee 5B
What will the biggest economic loss due to an AI-made decision be by 2030?
What will the biggest economic loss due to an AI-made decision be by 2030?
What will the biggest economic loss due to an AI-made decision be by 2030?
Will quantum computing be used for more than 10% of training of foundation models?
Will quantum computing be used for more than 10% of training of foundation models?
Will quantum computing be used for more than 10% of training of foundation models?
What will the total estimated energy usage of AI training be in 2030?
What will the total estimated energy usage of AI training be in 2030?
What will the total estimated energy usage of AI training be in 2030?
What fraction of Wikipedia articles will be written by AI in 2030?
What fraction of Wikipedia articles will be written by AI in 2030?
What fraction of Wikipedia articles will be written by AI in 2030?
What number of unicorn companies valued to more than $1bn have fewer than 10 human employees in 2030?
What number of unicorn companies valued to more than $1bn have fewer than 10 human employees in 2030?
What number of unicorn companies valued to more than $1bn have fewer than 10 human employees in 2030?
How many military drones can a single operator run in a military theatre of operations in 2030?
How many military drones can a single operator run in a military theatre of operations in 2030?
How many military drones can a single operator run in a military theatre of operations in 2030?
What will the exponent of scaling curves (by training, data etc.) be in 2030?
What will the exponent of scaling curves (by training, data etc.) be in 2030?
What will the exponent of scaling curves (by training, data etc.) be in 2030?
What number of AI lawyer apps are in the Android appstore?
What number of AI lawyer apps are in the Android appstore?
What number of AI lawyer apps are in the Android appstore?
What fraction of listens on Spotify are completely or partially AI generated by 2030?
What fraction of listens on Spotify are completely or partially AI generated by 2030?
What fraction of listens on Spotify are completely or partially AI generated by 2030?
Day 2, Group 1:
Attendee A
What is the longest chain of reasoning a LLM can perform with 90% reliability?
What is the longest chain of reasoning a LLM can perform with 90% reliability?
What is the longest chain of reasoning a LLM can perform with 90% reliability?
What fraction of researchers in [FIELD: chemistry, physics, math, cell biology, philosophy…] regularly use AI tools for work in 2025?
What fraction of researchers in [FIELD: chemistry, physics, math, cell biology, philosophy…] regularly use AI tools for work in 2025?
What fraction of researchers in [FIELD: chemistry, physics, math, cell biology, philosophy…] regularly use AI tools for work in 2025?
What fraction of a research budget will be taken up by AI cost?
What fraction of a research budget will be taken up by AI cost?
What fraction of a research budget will be taken up by AI cost?
What fraction of top academic journals in Dec 2025 allow nearly completely AI generated papers?
What fraction of top academic journals in Dec 2025 allow nearly completely AI generated papers?
What fraction of top academic journals in Dec 2025 allow nearly completely AI generated papers?
What fraction of Fortune 500 companies use AI as an intermediary information/preference aggregator between employees and executives?
What fraction of Fortune 500 companies use AI as an intermediary information/preference aggregator between employees and executives?
What fraction of Fortune 500 companies use AI as an intermediary information/preference aggregator between employees and executives?
Will the Microsoft Three Mile Island reactor restart/data center turn a profit before 202X?
Will the Microsoft Three Mile Island reactor restart/data center turn a profit before 202X?
Will the Microsoft Three Mile Island reactor restart/data center turn a profit before 202X?
How many new data centers are built in Iceland?
How many new data centers are built in Iceland?
How many new data centers are built in Iceland?
What fraction of TFP in 2030 will be attributed to AI by leading economists?
What fraction of TFP in 2030 will be attributed to AI by leading economists?
What fraction of TFP in 2030 will be attributed to AI by leading economists?
What fraction of healthcare production costs in 2030 will be from AI services?
What fraction of healthcare production costs in 2030 will be from AI services?
What fraction of healthcare production costs in 2030 will be from AI services?
Attendee B
What fraction of total US electricity generation is used to power data centers in December 2030?
What fraction of total US electricity generation is used to power data centers in December 2030?
What fraction of total US electricity generation is used to power data centers in December 2030?
How many off-grid electricity generation facilities are operative in December 2030 for the sole purpose of powering data centers?
How many off-grid electricity generation facilities are operative in December 2030 for the sole purpose of powering data centers?
How many off-grid electricity generation facilities are operative in December 2030 for the sole purpose of powering data centers?
What fraction of time in a TV news report on (e.g.) CNN is taken up by news related to AI, on average?
What fraction of time in a TV news report on (e.g.) CNN is taken up by news related to AI, on average?
What fraction of time in a TV news report on (e.g.) CNN is taken up by news related to AI, on average?
Attendee C
In 2027, what will be the median number of employees for companies listed on the S&P 500?
In 2027, what will be the median number of employees for companies listed on the S&P 500?
In 2027, what will be the median number of employees for companies listed on the S&P 500?
What will be the average spending on AI-related workforce training per employee in S&P 500 companies?
What will be the average spending on AI-related workforce training per employee in S&P 500 companies?
What will be the average spending on AI-related workforce training per employee in S&P 500 companies?
What will be the best consistently measured performance of an AI model on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale?
What will be the best consistently measured performance of an AI model on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale?
What will be the best consistently measured performance of an AI model on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale?
How do the best-performing human-AI hybrid teams compare to top-performing humans on measures of cognitive ability [SAT, IQ tests, GRE, etc.]
How do the best-performing human-AI hybrid teams compare to top-performing humans on measures of cognitive ability [SAT, IQ tests, GRE, etc.]
How do the best-performing human-AI hybrid teams compare to top-performing humans on measures of cognitive ability [SAT, IQ tests, GRE, etc.]
In 2027, what will be the labor share of R&D expenditures in OECD countries?
In 2027, what will be the labor share of R&D expenditures in OECD countries?
In 2027, what will be the labor share of R&D expenditures in OECD countries?
Attendee D
What will the 30-year real interest rate (as measured by TIPS) be on Dec 31, 2030? [Motivation: higher g implies higher r]
What will the 30-year real interest rate (as measured by TIPS) be on Dec 31, 2030? [Motivation: higher g implies higher r]
What will the 30-year real interest rate (as measured by TIPS) be on Dec 31, 2030? [Motivation: higher g implies higher r]
Survey measure of AI adoption
Survey measure of AI adoption
Survey measure of AI adoption
Non-growth related:
Non-growth related:
Non-growth related:
Fraction of faculty at universities classified as “AI/ML-related”
Fraction of faculty at universities classified as “AI/ML-related”
Fraction of faculty at universities classified as “AI/ML-related”
Fraction of students at top N universities studying computer science
Fraction of students at top N universities studying computer science
Fraction of students at top N universities studying computer science
Waymo miles traveled
Waymo miles traveled
Waymo miles traveled
Attendee E
First, develop a new metric for AI general capability:
For all human jobs, put all cognitive tasks in a list. Include all types of tasks that humans have accomplished. Include different difficulty levels. So, work that only people of John von Neumann's caliber could do would be on the list, but be only a small fraction.
For all human jobs, put all cognitive tasks in a list. Include all types of tasks that humans have accomplished. Include different difficulty levels. So, work that only people of John von Neumann's caliber could do would be on the list, but be only a small fraction.
For all human jobs, put all cognitive tasks in a list. Include all types of tasks that humans have accomplished. Include different difficulty levels. So, work that only people of John von Neumann's caliber could do would be on the list, but be only a small fraction.
Figure out some smart way to weigh these tasks differently into the 100% of all tasks, perhaps.
Figure out some smart way to weigh these tasks differently into the 100% of all tasks, perhaps.
Figure out some smart way to weigh these tasks differently into the 100% of all tasks, perhaps.
If an AI can perform 100% of those tasks, then it is superhuman, because no single human can perform all tasks that the collective of all humans can do.
If an AI can perform 100% of those tasks, then it is superhuman, because no single human can perform all tasks that the collective of all humans can do.
If an AI can perform 100% of those tasks, then it is superhuman, because no single human can perform all tasks that the collective of all humans can do.
This is a measure of "general capability" that goes "slightly" past "human level" AI.
This is a measure of "general capability" that goes "slightly" past "human level" AI.
This is a measure of "general capability" that goes "slightly" past "human level" AI.
Day 2, Group 2:
Is there an open-source frontier model in 2030?
Is there an open-source frontier model in 2030?
Is there an open-source frontier model in 2030?
What % of jobs are illegal to automate with AI (e.g. percent of NAICS codes)?
What % of jobs are illegal to automate with AI (e.g. percent of NAICS codes)?
What % of jobs are illegal to automate with AI (e.g. percent of NAICS codes)?
What is the median clinical trial duration in 2030?
What is the median clinical trial duration in 2030?
What is the median clinical trial duration in 2030?
What is the change in horizon for X type of drug?
What is the change in horizon for X type of drug?
What is the change in horizon for X type of drug?
What is the number of FDA drug approvals from 2030 - 2035?
What is the number of FDA drug approvals from 2030 - 2035?
What is the number of FDA drug approvals from 2030 - 2035?
What is the % of people in the US who have never used GenAI?
What is the % of people in the US who have never used GenAI?
What is the % of people in the US who have never used GenAI?
What is the distribution of minutes per day people are using AI?
What is the distribution of minutes per day people are using AI?
What is the distribution of minutes per day people are using AI?
What is the lowest cost per token of the current frontier AI models?
What is the lowest cost per token of the current frontier AI models?
What is the lowest cost per token of the current frontier AI models?
Day 2, Group 3:
How many university students will find full-time employment within one year of graduation in 2030?
How many university students will find full-time employment within one year of graduation in 2030?
How many university students will find full-time employment within one year of graduation in 2030?
What will the labour share of GDP in the US in 2030?
What will the labour share of GDP in the US in 2030?
What will the labour share of GDP in the US in 2030?
A company will be held vicariously liable for the behavior of an AI system by a US court by 2030.
What will be the increase in legal cases submitted for review to [a specific circuit court] between now and 2030? (tracks automation of basic legal work)
What will be the increase in legal cases submitted for review to [a specific circuit court] between now and 2030? (tracks automation of basic legal work)
What will be the increase in legal cases submitted for review to [a specific circuit court] between now and 2030? (tracks automation of basic legal work)
What will be the percent change in firm revenue per number of employees among S&P 500 countries in 2030?
What will be the percent change in firm revenue per number of employees among S&P 500 countries in 2030?
What will be the percent change in firm revenue per number of employees among S&P 500 countries in 2030?
Day 2, Group 4:
1
BPO metric?
1
BPO metric?
1
BPO metric?
What will be the percentage change in total employment within India's Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) sector between December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2030?
What will be the percentage change in total employment within India's Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) sector between December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2030?
What will be the percentage change in total employment within India's Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) sector between December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2030?
2
Tutors/education metric?
2
Tutors/education metric?
2
Tutors/education metric?
An official high-stakes exam (e.g. SAT, Gaocao, important Indian exam) uses AI to assess student performance.
An official high-stakes exam (e.g. SAT, Gaocao, important Indian exam) uses AI to assess student performance.
An official high-stakes exam (e.g. SAT, Gaocao, important Indian exam) uses AI to assess student performance.
Fraction of Indian students receiving AI-based tutoring.
Fraction of Indian students receiving AI-based tutoring.
Fraction of Indian students receiving AI-based tutoring.
Revenue of AI-based tutoring apps, tailored to India.
Revenue of AI-based tutoring apps, tailored to India.
Revenue of AI-based tutoring apps, tailored to India.
Will India test scores (PISA) rise?
Will India test scores (PISA) rise?
Will India test scores (PISA) rise?
(yes PISA test scores are comparable over time)
(yes PISA test scores are comparable over time)
(yes PISA test scores are comparable over time)
Study that says internet access reduced PISA test scores (ref)
Study that says internet access reduced PISA test scores (ref)
Study that says internet access reduced PISA test scores (ref)
(source)
Impact of AI tutoring on learning, test scores. In a well-measured study.
Impact of AI tutoring on learning, test scores. In a well-measured study.
Impact of AI tutoring on learning, test scores. In a well-measured study.
A current bullish study (tweet, article, paper).
A current bullish study (tweet, article, paper).
A current bullish study (tweet, article, paper).
3
Public health distribution & access metric?
3
Public health distribution & access metric?
3
Public health distribution & access metric?
What will be the tuberculosis case detection rate (percentage of estimated incident TB cases that are diagnosed and notified) in India in 2030?
What will be the tuberculosis case detection rate (percentage of estimated incident TB cases that are diagnosed and notified) in India in 2030?
What will be the tuberculosis case detection rate (percentage of estimated incident TB cases that are diagnosed and notified) in India in 2030?
What will be the average waiting time (in minutes) for a patient to see a doctor in urban public health clinics in India in 2030?
What will be the average waiting time (in minutes) for a patient to see a doctor in urban public health clinics in India in 2030?
What will be the average waiting time (in minutes) for a patient to see a doctor in urban public health clinics in India in 2030?
What will be the % change in [infant mortality, malnutrition, maternal mortality, low rates of vaccination, and low life expectancy] between now and 2030?
What will be the % change in [infant mortality, malnutrition, maternal mortality, low rates of vaccination, and low life expectancy] between now and 2030?
What will be the % change in [infant mortality, malnutrition, maternal mortality, low rates of vaccination, and low life expectancy] between now and 2030?
4
Use of AI in Indian agriculture
4
Use of AI in Indian agriculture
4
Use of AI in Indian agriculture
Survey (or other) method: Fraction of Indian farmers using AI tools.
Survey (or other) method: Fraction of Indian farmers using AI tools.
Survey (or other) method: Fraction of Indian farmers using AI tools.
Returns to AI in agriculture: Result of a study on the causal effect of AI on agricultural productivity in developing countries. (Perhaps working paper from an economist in a top-50 US school, or published in a top journal, or judged by an expert or a panel to be likely legit.)
Returns to AI in agriculture: Result of a study on the causal effect of AI on agricultural productivity in developing countries. (Perhaps working paper from an economist in a top-50 US school, or published in a top journal, or judged by an expert or a panel to be likely legit.)
Returns to AI in agriculture: Result of a study on the causal effect of AI on agricultural productivity in developing countries. (Perhaps working paper from an economist in a top-50 US school, or published in a top journal, or judged by an expert or a panel to be likely legit.)
5
Demand for human touch
Basic question: Will there still be demand for humans to do certain jobs, even if AI is capable of doing the job well.
5
Demand for human touch
Basic question: Will there still be demand for humans to do certain jobs, even if AI is capable of doing the job well.
5
Demand for human touch
Basic question: Will there still be demand for humans to do certain jobs, even if AI is capable of doing the job well.
Will employment grow in different professions: Therapist, bank teller, entertainer (e.g. podcaster). Bespoke tailoring.
Will employment grow in different professions: Therapist, bank teller, entertainer (e.g. podcaster). Bespoke tailoring.
Will employment grow in different professions: Therapist, bank teller, entertainer (e.g. podcaster). Bespoke tailoring.
What proportion of media consumed in the US will be AI-generated as opposed to human-generated in 2030? (or 2027?)
What proportion of media consumed in the US will be AI-generated as opposed to human-generated in 2030? (or 2027?)
What proportion of media consumed in the US will be AI-generated as opposed to human-generated in 2030? (or 2027?)
How will the entertainment industry differ from other industries in terms of AI use?
How will the entertainment industry differ from other industries in terms of AI use?
How will the entertainment industry differ from other industries in terms of AI use?
Quality gradient of manufactured vs. bespoke-tailored clothing. [How to measure??]
Quality gradient of manufactured vs. bespoke-tailored clothing. [How to measure??]
Quality gradient of manufactured vs. bespoke-tailored clothing. [How to measure??]
6
Effects on between-country inequality
6
Effects on between-country inequality
6
Effects on between-country inequality
How many companies on the global Fortune 500 list will be based in a non-China LMIC (2024 list) by 2030?
How many companies on the global Fortune 500 list will be based in a non-China LMIC (2024 list) by 2030?
How many companies on the global Fortune 500 list will be based in a non-China LMIC (2024 list) by 2030?
Global catchup growth: Will currently-poor countries grow faster (in % terms) than currently-richer countries?
Global catchup growth: Will currently-poor countries grow faster (in % terms) than currently-richer countries?
Global catchup growth: Will currently-poor countries grow faster (in % terms) than currently-richer countries?
Day 2, Group 5:
Global average OECD better life index increase?
Global average OECD better life index increase?
Global average OECD better life index increase?
Satisfaction with Life Scores / job quality indicators in combination with unemployment rate.
Satisfaction with Life Scores / job quality indicators in combination with unemployment rate.
Satisfaction with Life Scores / job quality indicators in combination with unemployment rate.
1
"How will changes in work autonomy scores (measured by the Work Design Questionnaire's autonomy subscale) in AI-augmented workplaces predict changes in overall life satisfaction (measured by SWLS) over the following 24 months?"
1
"How will changes in work autonomy scores (measured by the Work Design Questionnaire's autonomy subscale) in AI-augmented workplaces predict changes in overall life satisfaction (measured by SWLS) over the following 24 months?"
1
"How will changes in work autonomy scores (measured by the Work Design Questionnaire's autonomy subscale) in AI-augmented workplaces predict changes in overall life satisfaction (measured by SWLS) over the following 24 months?"
2
"To what extent do changes in the Internet Skills Scale (ISS) scores across demographic groups predict disparities in economic mobility and access to AI-enabled services over a 3-year period?"
2
"To what extent do changes in the Internet Skills Scale (ISS) scores across demographic groups predict disparities in economic mobility and access to AI-enabled services over a 3-year period?"
2
"To what extent do changes in the Internet Skills Scale (ISS) scores across demographic groups predict disparities in economic mobility and access to AI-enabled services over a 3-year period?"
3
"How do early changes in the Algorithmic Awareness Scale and Trust in Technology Measure predict subsequent changes in the Bergen Social Relationships Scale scores over a 2-year period?"
3
"How do early changes in the Algorithmic Awareness Scale and Trust in Technology Measure predict subsequent changes in the Bergen Social Relationships Scale scores over a 2-year period?"
3
"How do early changes in the Algorithmic Awareness Scale and Trust in Technology Measure predict subsequent changes in the Bergen Social Relationships Scale scores over a 2-year period?"
4
"What is the relationship between early changes in the Digital Security Risk Assessment Model (DSRAM) scores and subsequent changes in the Fear of Crime Scale and Everyday Discrimination Scale measures over an 18-month period?"
4
"What is the relationship between early changes in the Digital Security Risk Assessment Model (DSRAM) scores and subsequent changes in the Fear of Crime Scale and Everyday Discrimination Scale measures over an 18-month period?"
4
"What is the relationship between early changes in the Digital Security Risk Assessment Model (DSRAM) scores and subsequent changes in the Fear of Crime Scale and Everyday Discrimination Scale measures over an 18-month period?"
5
"How do changes in the Work Design Questionnaire's skill variety and feedback scores in the first 6 months of AI implementation predict changes in the PERMA Profiler's accomplishment and engagement subscales over the following 2 years?"
5
"How do changes in the Work Design Questionnaire's skill variety and feedback scores in the first 6 months of AI implementation predict changes in the PERMA Profiler's accomplishment and engagement subscales over the following 2 years?"
5
"How do changes in the Work Design Questionnaire's skill variety and feedback scores in the first 6 months of AI implementation predict changes in the PERMA Profiler's accomplishment and engagement subscales over the following 2 years?"